Allele - for each gene, we have two copies (one from the father and one from the mother) - those copies are named alleles.

Base pairs are building blocks of DNA. DNA is double-stranded and looks like a twisted ladder. Base pairs act as the “rungs” of the DNA ladder structure, holding the two strands of DNA together.

A Bayley Score is done by giving your child in special toys. Medical staff will then monitor your child's progress over the past few months. After that, they would write a report and give the child a Bayley Score.

Bioinformatics is the study of biological data and patterns using computers. People that do Bioinformatics often look for patterns in DNA, RNA, gene, and protein sequences. They also try to figure out how these patterns can lead to differences in human traits or cause disease.

A biomarker is a sign that something happened or not happening, or if it's changing. It can be in the blood, a medical test or it can be a snippet from cells or tissues. For example, blood sugar is a biomarker for diabetes. A high temperature is a biomarker of fever. X-rays can be a biomarker of broken bones. A genetic marker is an arrangement of DNA that has a known location. It can help link the cause of an inherited disease with the responsible gene. Segments of DNA close to each other on a chromosome are inherited together. Markers are used to track the inheritance of an unknown gene that is near them but whose location we do not know yet. A genetic marker is very easy to understand: think about it as a one-way road sign. They tell you how close you are to something serious.

Doctors do a blood test to see the level of oxygen, carbon dioxide and acid in the baby.

The cell is the beginning of life. You can see the cells under the microscope. Each cell has a role to play. Cells are the building blocks of bones, muscles, and organs.

The centromere is a specific part of the chromosome. It is the part by which the chromosomes of the cell are connected. When you look at chromosomes, the centromere is almost in the centre. Centromeres look like a small ball between two sticks.

The word “cerebral” means brain. “Palsy” refers to a disorder that affects the ability to move. If we place the words “cerebral” and “palsy” together, we get “cerebral palsy”, also called CP, which is a condition caused by injury to the brain that affects a person’s ability to move.

A chemical is something that cannot be broken down without turning into something else. Water, oxygen, salt and sugar are examples of chemicals.

Chromosomes are tiny structures inside cells made from DNA and protein. Babies receive half their chromosomes from their mother. The other half of their chromosomes comes from their father. Chromosomes can be seen under a powerful microscope.

Babies can have convulsions when they are sick. The baby is shaking because the muscles are tight.

When babies are born, they might have a lack of oxygen. But there is a way to help them prevent some problems. It is called whole-body cooling or the long word therapeutic hypothermia. It lowers the body's temperature for the first three days to use less energy. As a result, they recover better from the start at birth.

Deleting something means removing it. DNA in genes contain instructions for making proteins and RNA in a cell. If a part of a cell’s DNA is deleted, it can cause problems with making the protein or RNA. A deleted piece of DNA can affect a person's traits or cause health problems.

DNA - stands for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid, which is a complex structure in the nucleus of every living organism on earth. DNA consists of a double helix (two polynucleotide chains) coiled around each other, carrying the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all organisms.

Double Helix - is the physical structure of DNA and two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder. The two strands are connected with nucleotides (adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T) and cytosine (C)), also named base pairs.

It is a blood sample dried on paper to test the baby's DNA. Dry blood spots are taken in the first few hours after the baby is born.

An EEG can tell us when there is a change in the brainwaves. The aEEG is an ongoing 72-hour test of the baby’s brain using stickers attached to their head. This might help find out if a baby has epilepsy or some other disorder in their brain.

Enzymes are protein or RNA helpers. They help with quick reactions, and they do many different jobs in the baby's cells.

The things around the baby. The environment is the place where all living and non-living things are. It can also be temperature or stress. Or it can also be the place you live and the people around you. The environment impacts how our life goes, for better or worse.

Epigenetics is the study of changes in genes that are passed down but not through changes to DNA. Epi means over and above. It's the study of how different marks over and above genes can change what it does. This new way to look at cells could be helpful because it shows us what a cell is like without looking at cells' gene expression levels.

Family history provides insight into family health. We seek information on the living family and the health of the deceased family. To help you predict the health risks of your baby and even your future babies.

Genes are inherited from your parents and carry information in your body's cells through DNA. This DNA information in genes acts as a blueprint or recipe book to tell the body how to make proteins or RNA that have functions in the body. The instructions in your genes determine your physical and biological traits.

Genes contain DNA, which acts as a blueprint or recipe book to make proteins and RNA in a cell. The process by which the cell reads this DNA blueprint or recipe of a gene and then creates proteins and RNA is called gene expression.

The genome is the complete set of instructions for a cell. It controls how everything in your body works. It has chromosomes that are found in pairs. There usually are 23 pairs of chromosome.

Genome - All the DNA instructions in a cell is called the genome - in humans it consists of approximately 22000 genes situated in the nucleus of the cell on 23 pairs of chromosomes as well as in the mitochondria named the mitochondrial genome.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, also called HIE, is a type of brain injury that can happen in babies. It occurs when a baby's brain does not get enough oxygen for too long. If HIE is really bad, it can also cause cerebral palsy.

MRI is a way for you to see pictures of inside your body. Doctors can use it to find the problems. Doctors use it to see photos of the baby’s brain.

We say organ when we are talking about the function of body parts. These include your kidneys and liver, heart, lungs, and stomach. The baby's stomach is an organ that processes food. The lungs help the baby breathe oxygen. And the heart is an organ that pumps blood through your body.

Phenotype - the physical expression of the genotype which is influenced by the genotype in combination with other genes and the environment.

Proteins do critical jobs inside our cells, such as building, maintaining, and replacing tissues and muscles. Proteins can also function as enzymes to break down food or act as hormones that send messages between cells. Proteins are an important part of a healthy diet. Babies get protein into their diet through milk.

RNA - stands for RiboNucleic Acid is also present in all living cells but is most often single-stranded. The base pairs (nucleotides) for RNA differ from DNA in that thymine (T) is replaced by uracil (U). There are different forms of RNA, namely: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). In humans, we have both DNA and RNA, but certain viruses use RNA as their genomic material.

In genetics, risk means how likely it is that your baby will be affected by a disorder. The baby may have genes that either increase their risk or lower it. Or you might live in an environment where the chances of getting a disease are higher.